Short Take-Off and Landing (STOL) Light Utility Aircraft [ 1959 ]
The West German Dornier Do 28 STOL series preceded the equally-successful Do 228 line of small, lightweight utility aircraft for military and civilian service.
In the mid-1950s, Dornier Flugzeugbau GmbH of West Germany developed the single engine Do 27 Short Take-Off and Landing (STOL) lightweight utility-minded aircraft. This little high-wing cantilever aircraft went on to a very successful service life with many variants and operators through both civilian and military markets. From this design came a new offering, a two-engine version of the Do 27 which became the Do 28 of 1959. This model emerged with the same high-wing layout and a pair of underslung Lycoming engines driving three-bladed propellers. The Do 28 retained many of the key qualities of the Do 27 before it including its STOL capabilities.
The original Do 28 line was led by the prototype which was designated simply as "Do 28". This was fitted with 2 x Lycoming O-360-A1A engines of 180 horsepower each driving two-blade propeller units. First flight was on April 29th, 1959. Then followed the Do 28A-1 which fitted O-540-A1A engines of 250 horsepower. Its wing mainplane was increased by seven feet for improved stability and handling and a first flight was recorded on March 20th, 1960. Sixty of this form were completed. The Do 28A-1 was a floatplane form. The Do 28B-1, based largely on the preceding D 28A model, arrived with a larger tailplane, greater fuel stores, and an increased nose cone. Engines were the IO-540 (fuel-injected) driving three-blade propeller units. Sixty of these were produced as well. The Do 28B-1-S was to be a floatplane version but this fell to naught. The Do 28B-2 was unveiled with turbocharged Lycoming engines (TIO-540 series) but only one was ever produced. The Do 28C was a proposed passenger hauler with seating for eight. Its drive power would have been from a pair of turboprop engines yielding 530 horsepower each but this design was not furthered.
The Do 28D "Skyservant" went on to become the definitive product of the Do 28 line. This from saw a new boxy fuselage added with an increased-area wing. Power was through 2 x IGSO-540 series engines of 380 horsepower. Nine of this mark were completed. The Do 28D-1 was the initial production model and this saw a larger span wing added. Manufacture totaled 54 units. The Do 28D-1 followed with a reinforced fuselage, larger passenger cabin and an increase in Maximum Take-Off Weight (MTOW). Production added 172 more aircraft. The D 28D-2/OU was used in the pollution patrol role and a sole Do 28D-2 was converted as the Do 28D-2T with 2 x Lycoming TIGO-540 turbocharged engines.
The Do 28D-5X "Turbo Skyservant" was a proposed turboprop-powered model (Lycoming LTP-101-600 of 400ho each) and first flew in April of 1978 but only ever existed in prototype form. Another prototype became the Do 28D-6X with its PT6A-110 turboprop engines of 400hp each. This one flew in March of 1980 and became the Do 128-6.
Then followed the Do 28E-TNT which was a Do 28D with a new wing of 55.7 feet span. Power was from 2 x Garret TPE331-5-252D engines of 715 horsepower and a prototype first flew on June 14th, 1979 to trial its new "high technology" wing mainplanes. The wing then served on the new Do 228 product (detailed elsewhere on this site).
The Do 28 G.92 became a modernization of the Do 28D. Work was undertaken in 1995 and included fitting 2 x Walter Engines M601-D2 turboprops of 450 horsepower each. Seven of this type were produced in all. The Do 128-D was the Do 28D-2 with improvements throughout. The Do 128-6 was the primary production quality form of the Turbo Skyservant development and six were completed.
Like the Do 27, the Do 28 saw a myriad of operators utilize the high performance light aircraft in various roles (both military and civlian). This ranged from Angola and Benin to Somalia and Thailand. Many are still in use today (2015), proving the effectiveness of the evolved design.
(OPERATORS list includes past, present, and future operators when applicable)
✓Close-Air Support (CAS)
Developed to operate in close proximity to active ground elements by way of a broad array of air-to-ground ordnance and munitions options.
✓Special-Mission: MEDical EVACuation (MEDEVAC)
Extraction of wounded combat or civilian elements by way of specialized onboard equipment and available internal volume or external carrying capability.
✓Maritime / Navy
Land-based or shipborne capability for operating over-water in various maritime-related roles while supported by allied naval surface elements.
✓Transport
General transport functionality to move supplies/cargo or personnel (including wounded and VIP) over range.
✓Commercial Aviation
Used in roles serving the commercial aviation market, ferrying both passengers and goods over range.
✓VIP Service
Used in the Very-Important-Person (VIP) passenger transport role, typically with above-average amenities and luxuries as standard.
✓Intelligence-Surveillance-Reconnaissance (ISR), Scout
Surveil ground targets / target areas to assess environmental threat levels, enemy strength, or enemy movement.
Length
37.4 ft (11.41 m)
Width/Span
51.0 ft (15.55 m)
Height
12.8 ft (3.90 m)
Empty Wgt
5,132 lb (2,328 kg)
MTOW
9,590 lb (4,350 kg)
Wgt Diff
+4,458 lb (+2,022 kg)
(Showcased structural values pertain to the Dornier Do 28D-2 production variant)
Do 28 - Prototype Model Designation; Lycoming O-360-A1A engines of 180 horsepower.
Do 28A-1 - Main production model designation; fitted with Lycoming O-540-A1A engines of 250 horsepower each; increased wingspan from prototype.
Do 28A-1-S - Floatplane conversion model based on the Do 27A-1.
Do 28B-1 - Based on the Do 28A model fitted with Lycoming IO-540 engines; redesigned nose and tail; increased fuel capacity; 60 examples produced.
Do 28B-1-S - Proposed Floatplane based on the Do 28B-1.
Do 28B-2 - Single production model; fitted with Lycoming brand TIO-540 turbocharged engines.
Do 28C - Proposed eight-seat passenger model.
Do 28D - Seven production models featuring new fuselage, wing and tail; fitted with IGSO-540 series engines.
Do 28D-1 - 54 production models based on Do 28D models.
Do 28D-2 - 172 examples produced; based on Do 28D models with lengthened fuselage; increased overall MTOW.
Do 28D-2/OU - Environmental Patrol Platform based on Do 28D model.
Do 28D-2T - Single Do 28D-2 model fitted with Avco Lycoming TIGO-540 series engines with turbochargers.
Do 28D-5X Turbo Skyservant / "TurboSky" - Single prototype example fitted with Lycoming LTP-101-600 turboprop engines.
Do 28D-6X Turbo Skyservant - Single prototype example fitted with PT6A-110 turboprop engines.
Do 28E-TNT - Single trial example fitted with experimental wing; based on Do 28D model.
Do 28 G.92 - Conversion of Do 28D models by Zlovakia for skydiving purposes; fitted with 2 x Walter M 601-D2 series 450 horsepower turboprop engines; seven examples in existence.
Do 128-2 - "Improved" Do 28D model
Do 128-6 - Production Designation of Turbo Skyservant model of which 6 were produced.
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Angola; Benin; Cambodia; Cameroon; Colombia; Croatia; France; Germany; West Germany; Greece; Israel; Katanga; Kenya; Khmer Republic; Lesotho; Malawi; Morocco; Mozambique; Niger; Nigeria; Philippines; Somalia; Spain; Serbia; Thailand; Turkey; Zambia; Yugoslavia; Zambia
