HMS Warrior

Three-Masted Ironclad Battleship

United Kingdom | 1861

"HMS Warrior was constructed for the British Royal Navy in response to growing French power on the high seas."

Power & Performance
Those special qualities that separate one sea-going vessel design from another. Performance specifications presented assume optimal operating conditions for HMS Warrior.

10 x boilers feeding 1 x Penn jet-condensing, horizontal trunk, single-expansion steam engine developing 5,267 horsepower driving 1 x shaft.
Propulsion

17.5 kts
20.1 mph
Surface Speed

Essentially Unlimited
Range

Structure
The bow-to-stern, port-to-starboard physical qualities of HMS Warrior.

705
Personnel
Complement

418.0 ft
127.41 meters
O/A Length

58.4 ft
17.80 meters
Beam

26.0 ft
7.92 meters
Draught

9,200
tons
Displacement

Armament
Available supported armament and special-mission equipment featured in the design of HMS Warrior.

10 x 110-pdr (203mm) RBL main guns
26 x 68-pdr (178mm) RML main guns
3 x 42-pdr (178mm) RML cannons
2 x 20-pdr RBL cannons (field gun)
1 x 12-pdr (18cwt) cannon (field gun)
1 x 6-pdr brass cannon (training)

Ships-in-Class (2)
Notable series variants as part of the HMS Warrior family line as relating to the Warrior group.

HMS Warrior; HMS Black Prince

Authored By: JR Potts, AUS 173d AB | Last Edited: 07/14/2017 | Content ©www.MilitaryFactory.com | The following text is exclusive to this site; No A.I. was used in the generation of this content.

After 1815, the British Royal Navy took on the role of "World's Policeman" by - with some help from American Navy ships like the USS Yorktown - targeting piracy and attempting to subdue the slave trade. Despite the alliance during the Crimean War (1853-1856) against the Russian Empire, the British and French were no longer on such terms due to a growing naval race between the two nations. The French Navy took the lead with a new design and built the "La Gloire" - the first ocean-going ironclad battleship in the world. As soon as she was laid down in April of 1858, the British Navy recognized that all of their unarmored wooden battleships-of-the-line were obsolete. The British, therefore, held little choice in building ironclads all their own. The race was on while 2,000 British shipbuilders worked day and night on the Royal Navy's counter to the French La Gloire - threatening to dominate British sea power. On August 1st, 1861, the first of the Royal Navy's iron-hulled, ocean-going warships - HMS Warrior - was commissioned and became the largest and most powerful warship in the world. The French battleship La Gloire was only half her size and was under-gunned in comparison. To the dismay of the French, it was now the famous La Gloire that became obsolete.

HMS Warrior and her sister ship, HMS Black Prince, when built were the most powerful warships in the world due to their balance of armor and speed, the latter through a hybrid propulsion arrangement of steam and sail, capable of reaching 17.5 knots. This quality made the class the fastest ships of the day. Interestingly enough, the British Admiralty classified her ships by the armament placed onboard and thusly HMS Warrior was listed as a Third-Rate Frigate despite many considering her an Ironclad. Frigates would normally carry a crew of 300 personnel while the HSM Warrior was crewed by approximately 700 officers - both men and boys. 600 sailors lived in one long stable gun deck that was divided into thirty-four messes, each with eighteen men housed into the space between two guns. The cramped space had a table top that could be placed on top of the two cannon to become an ad hoc mess table during mealtimes. At night, the men hung in their hammocks above the cannon while the boys slept on the deck between the guns. The officers had individual cabins and the captain's cabin was, of course, finely furnished resembling something of a Victorian drawing room at sea. The Wardroom mess table would be set with silver, crystal and fine bone china.

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The bow and stern of HMS Warrior were unprotected but amidships she fielded an iron belt of 4.5 inches (114mm) which was supported by up to eighteen inches of teak wood. Bolted iron armor plates to the side of the curved hull forced blacksmith's to bend and shape each plate which measured 3x12 feet. The plates were set in their place through a "tongue-and-groove" fashion in order to closely fit atop the available surface of the hull. In all, some 202 armor plates had to be put onto the ship, the protection adding some 960 tons of weight to the vessel. All the plates were fitted over 2 x 9-inch thick (230mm) layers of teak wood laid on top of each other. The armor was then bolted through the cannon-ball-absorbing, 18-inch teak into the hull having a total thickness of two feet.

HMS Warrior showcased a main battery of 26 x 68-pounder (7-inch, 178 mm) RML - Rifle Muzzle Loading - guns, 13 guns each along both port and starboard sides. The original design called for 40 such guns to be fitted but this was reduced prior to service. The 68-pounder had an effective range of 3,000 yards (2,700 meters), a distance that the 68lb (31kg) solid shot projectile would cover in 15 seconds. The 68-pounder cannon could fire a number of muzzle-loaded projectiles: solid shot, solid iron balls, explosive shells (hollowed iron balls filled with gunpowder to fragment the ball on impact) and grapeshot (a mass of small metal balls packed within a canvas bag). Case shot was filled with nails, scrap iron or lead wire and used effectively against enemy sailors or marines in the rigging at close ranges. Molten iron shells were filled with molten iron and used to set fires aboard wooden ships. 10 x 7-inch Armstrong RBL guns were then added prior to service entry. 2 x 20-pounder cannons were also fielded as was a single 12-pounder gun. A 6-pounder brass gun was retained for gunnery training at sea.

The sailing rig of the Warrior was comparable to an 80-gun, three-masted ship-of-the-line with a long bow sprit. She held two telescopic funnels that could be lowered when sails were unfurled to maximize the wind flow into her sails. The Warrior-class was the last warship to be fitted with a figurehead on the bow-sprite - bringing an end to a long-running naval tradition. The basic Warrior design encompassed an armored box accommodating weapons, engines and boilers to which then a wooden bow and stern were added. Another Warrior "first" concerning warships was the use of watertight compartments built to stop sea water from flooding inside the ship - a requirement in all large ships since. The cost of the vessel escalated to 400,000 Pounds, twice the cost of a 90-gun wooden ship-of-the-line of the period.

Warrior held two methods of propulsion - the engine, a Penn jet-condensing, horizontal trunk, single expansion steam trunk engine, and tried-and-proven wind power through use of sails. She had 10 x boilers making 5,267 ihp from coal-fired steam, allowing for a speed of 14.5 knots (26.9 kmh) driving a single one shaft with propeller system. The three masts and rigging were supplied by Chatham Dockyard and were lowered into the ship during construction by some 100 seamen while requiring 25 miles of rope and rigging. The Warrior made cruises around Europe and across the Mediterranean, showing the flag, but never firing a shot in anger. She was assigned to guard Queen Victoria when she stayed at Osborne House and was deployed to Osborne Bay. In 1868, the vessel was an escort for the royal yacht, HMY Victoria, while the Prince of Wales - the future King Edward VII - were on board. She was also assigned to the Channel Squadron to patrol the vital Atlantic sea lanes.

By 1871, HMS Warrior was no longer the pride of the British Fleet and her roles were reduced to coastguard and reserve duties. In 1883, two of her three masts were found to be rotten and the cost of repair was found to be too prohibitive for the aging ship. She was therefore stripped of her masts and guns and then placed in the reserve. When renamed Vernon III, she was used to supply steam and electricity to the Royal Navy's torpedo training school for the next twenty years. In 1924, the Royal Navy decided the old Warrior was ready for scrap and she was to be sold though there proved no commercial takers so the endeavor was abandoned in 1929. In 1942, she was converted into a shopkeeper's home and floating oil dock at the Pembroke Dock in Wales and renamed "Oil Fuel Hulk C77". She continued in this role until 1979, helping to refuel thousands of ships.

In 1968, the Duke of Edinburgh began to form a committee to restore HMS Warrior and the Maritime Trust was started with a group to save the historic ship (and others like her). In 1979, the Maritime Trust finally took legal control of the vessel and began to raise funds to bring her back to her original 1861 condition. Warrior was towed over 800 miles to Hartlepool where the restoration program was scheduled to take place. Once there, she was preliminarily cleaned up and a concrete deck once poured on top of the main deck was removed. Spanning some eight since, restoration work continued and this involved replacing or revitalizing her key components. Her teak decks and rich woodwork - including the figurehead - all needed to be reconstructed - essentially carved from the available drawings and photos of the original vessel. Upon completion in the late 1980s, HMS Warrior was granted her new title of "Warrior (1860)" and she was moved to her permanent berthing in Portsmouth on June 16, 1987. Today (2013), the Warrior serves as a museum ship open to the public.

In 1861, the original HMS Warrior cost the British Admiralty 400,000 Pounds to construct while, in comparison, the relatively recent restoration effort reached between 6 and 8 million pounds.

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Operators
Global operator(s) of the HMS Warrior. Nations are displayed by flag, each linked to their respective national naval warfare listing.

[ United Kingdom ]

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Image from the Public Domain.

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Image from the Public Domain.

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Going Further...
HMS Warrior Three-Masted Ironclad Battleship appears in the following collections:

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