Heavy Fighter / Fighter-Bomber / Fast Reconnaissance Prototype [ 1943 ]
Known under many designations, the Hughes Model D-2 suffered through its ever-changing developmental life - seeing only one prototype partially completed.
The Hughes Model D-2 was born around 1937 to compete for the US Army Air Corp's (USAAC) contract for a twin-boom "fast fighter". Government authorities deemed the Hughes submission too slow for the role, lacking the appropriate rate-of-climb for their requirement, and subsequently handed the development contract to competitor Lockheed and their "XP-38" prototype. The XP-38 would eventually evolve to become the war-winning P-38 "Lightning" pursuit fighter, the famous single-seat, twin-engine, twin-boom "Fork-Tailed Devil as it was known to the Germans". The result of the selection, no doubt, added to Hughes' already growing suspicions that the US military would never accept a Hughes-designed aircraft for military service simply because of Hughes' involvement. Nevertheless, work on the D-2 continued as a private venture with hopes of selling the US military on a "can't miss" product in the end.
Development continued into 1938 for Hughes also saw the D-2 as a chance to set new aviation records and further establish his legacy as an aviation pioneer. At this point, the D-2 was already fleshed out as a twin-engine, twin-boom design with a centralized nacelle containing the cockpit, avionics and fuel stores. The rear of the booms held the vertical tail fins and a connecting horizontal plane - the design similar to the competing XP-38 by Lockheed with Hughes believing the company had stolen his configuration. However, the Hughes design was intended for a full crew of five (as opposed to two) and was given a "tail dragger" undercarriage design (as opposed to tricycle) - at least on paper. Additionally, the aircraft was to be constructed of Duramold, the special plywood process obtained under license by Hughes - the thought being that use of wood, in a mass production sense for the military, would not require quantities of valuable aluminum - a common material to aircraft of the period. This would prove logistically sound under the pressures of a wartime economy.
The Duramold process involved birch, high pressures and temperatures which would allow for the material to be molded into the various shapes required. The end result was a rigid structure that was lightweight. Conversely, the process required a certain degree of effort to produce which could potentially slow production on a large scale. To go along with the airframe approach, Hughes centered on a pair of high-powered engines in the Wright XR-2160 "Tornado" to which the USAAC allowed Hughes access. The engines would drive four-bladed propeller assemblies. In 1939, Hughes convinced the USAAC's Material Division of a new pursuit fighter to which a contract was signed on May 22nd, 1940. Earlier in the year, Hughes Aircraft established a new facility at Culver City, California in early 1940 to further his D-2 goal.
The original design involved a top speed of 300 miles per hour with a bomb load of up to 4,000lbs and considered for a bombing role - hence its multi-person crew. A glazed-over nose cone would assist in the level bombing role and an internal bomb bay would be installed aft of the cockpit, under the main spar of the wing assemblies. However, as would be the case throughout the D-2's life, the design wasaltered in March of 1941 to become a two-seat, long-range fighter now fitting turbosupercharged engines and featuring an operational range of 2,600 miles, a top speed of 450 miles per hour and an armament of 6 x 0.50 caliber heavy machine guns. In May of that same year, the design was changed, yet again, by the USAAC to fulfill the bomber escort role which required endurance, appropriate armament and agility. It was this sort of rocky developmental life that allowed the Model D-2 to accrue a variety of official and unofficial designations throughout its existence. The official (and original) Hughes company designation was D-2 and the in-house designation for its militarized form was to be Model D-3. The D-2 then came known under the designation of D-2A and afforded various experimental modifiers in the XD-2 and DX-2 for a time. Also at some point, a three-seat light bomber version was entertained as the Hughes Model D-5.
After the surprise attack by Japanese naval forces on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in December of 1941 the United States officially entered World War 2. On June 30th, 1942, the Hughes design was still more or less in play and had been granted the official military experimental designation of "XP-73". Should the vehicle have gone into serial production, it would have attained the official production model designation of "P-73" as well as some sort of USAAC name. However, the following month, the Model D-2 was already being written in official USAAC papers as the "XA-37" for whatever reason - possibly for an attack-minded role as the "A-37".
Construction of the airframe continued under Hughes' direction though delays in the Wright Tornado powerplants forced Hughes to procure the lower-rated Pratt & Whitney R-2800-49 series instead. Another change to the arrangement was use of three-bladed propellers as opposed to the originally intended four-bladed types. The engines were also to benefit from a Hughes Aircraft-designed turbosurpercharger for increased performance. The aircraft was fully assembled - again, under secrecy - at Harpers Dry Lake, Muroc. The design had also finalized into a two-seat cockpit with intended pressurization for high-altitude work. The tail-dragger undercarriage was dropped in favor of the more forward-thinking tricycle arrangement. In this configuration, the Model D-2 was expected to top speeds of 445 miles per hour and feature a 1,000+ mile operating range under full combat load - though these were estimates.
In the spring of 1943, with the war in full swing, Hughes took to the controls of his D-2. At this point, the aircraft still lacked its in-house turbosuperchargers and cabin pressurization but scheduling called for ground runs of the system to which Hughes completed himself. However, the tests unveiled control issues which would have to be rectified for serious military consideration. The airframe's first formal flight was recorded on June 20th, 1943 and the control issues were ever more apparent to the point that the airframe would require a considerable modification, particularly at the wings. With little choice, Hughes engineers increased the span of the main wing assemblies, added flaps to the outboard areas and extended the trailing edges yet these changes would not entirely fix the problems and a more major redesign was in order.
At any rate, the Hughes D-2 was eventually dropped from all serious contention before the war had ended, its roles fulfilled by a bevy of other competing types. Beyond Hughes' own antics, the USAAC was not thoroughly convinced of the concept of an all-wood military plane in the age of metal ones. Additionally, there were questions as to the Hughes' commitment to his own project and the ability of Hughes facilities to produce the number of aircraft required of the war effort. The design was never fully cleared of its design flaws and the secrecy around the aircraft hurt USAAC chances of even seeing the in-development product. US Army interest in the product was over on August 13th, 1943.
Of all of the D-2's development, the aforementioned three-seat D-5 alternative held some military merit and three distinct forms were penciled out with the first being the dedicated light bomber form. A second model was intended to fulfill the role of escort fighter and feature a crew of two. To this was added a third model - a long-range, two-seat reconnaissance-minded platform lacking armament. It was this particular entry that struck a chord with US air power authorities for it was seeking such a platform for long-endurance reconnaissance work. The role was eventually shared by many converted fighter designs featuring photographic-reconnaissance equipment. The base D-5 design - apart from the unarmed reconnaissance version - was to incorporate a remote-controlled powered turret in the rear section of the fuselage nacelle, fitting 4 x 0.50 caliber Browning heavy machine guns for defense. The escort fighter form was to be further armed with 6 x 20mm cannons in the nose.
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(OPERATORS list includes past, present, and future operators when applicable)
✓Air-to-Air Combat, Fighter
General ability to actively engage other aircraft of similar form and function, typically through guns, missiles, and/or aerial rockets.
✓Ground Attack (Bombing, Strafing)
Ability to conduct aerial bombing of ground targets by way of (but not limited to) guns, bombs, missiles, rockets, and the like.
✓Intelligence-Surveillance-Reconnaissance (ISR), Scout
Surveil ground targets / target areas to assess environmental threat levels, enemy strength, or enemy movement.
✓X-Plane (Developmental, Prototype, Technology Demonstrator)
Aircraft developed for the role of prototyping, technology demonstration, or research / data collection.
Length
57.7 ft (17.60 m)
Width/Span
60.0 ft (18.29 m)
Height
27.2 ft (8.30 m)
Empty Wgt
26,455 lb (12,000 kg)
MTOW
31,672 lb (14,366 kg)
Wgt Diff
+5,216 lb (+2,366 kg)
(Showcased structural values pertain to the Hughes Model D-2 (XA-37) production variant)
Installed:
ORIGINALLY: 2 x Wright XR-2160 Tornado engines; OFFICIAL: 2 x Pratt & Whitney R-2800-49 engines developing 2,000 horsepower each.
(Showcased performance specifications pertain to the Hughes Model D-2 (XA-37) production variant. Performance specifications showcased above are subject to environmental factors as well as aircraft configuration. Estimates are made when Real Data not available. Compare this aircraft entry against any other in our database or View aircraft by powerplant type)
Highly variable throughout development. Proposed:
6 x 20mm cannons in nose
4 x 0.50 caliber Browning heavy machine guns in remote-controlled powered rear turret.
6 x 12.7mm Browning M2 heavy machine guns in nose.
At one point up to 4,000lbs of conventional drop ordnance in an internal bomb bay.
Supported Types
(Not all ordnance types may be represented in the showcase above)
Hardpoint Mountings: 0
Model D-2 - Base Series Designation
Model DX-2 - Experimental Designation
Model D-2A - Alternative Hughes Designation
Model D-3 - Hughes company designation of militarized D-2 form.
Model D-5 - Hughes company designation of D-2 following redesign for the light bomber, long-range reconnaissance, escort fighter role.
XP-73 - USAAC Designation
P-73 - Assumed production designation of accepted XP-73 design (never used).
XA-37 - Alternative USAAC Designation
A-37 - Assumed production designation of accepted XA-37 design (ever used).
General Assessment
Firepower
Performance
Survivability
Versatility
Impact
Values are derrived from a variety of categories related to the design, overall function, and historical influence of this aircraft in aviation history.
Overall Rating
The overall rating takes into account over 60 individual factors related to this aircraft entry.
34
Rating is out of a possible 100 points.
Relative Maximum Speed
Hi: 500mph
Lo: 250mph
This entry's maximum listed speed (432mph).
Graph average of 375 miles-per-hour.
City-to-City Ranges
NYC
LON
LON
PAR
PAR
BER
BER
MOS
MOS
TOK
TOK
SYD
SYD
LAX
LAX
NYC
Hughes Model D-2 (XA-37) operational range when compared to distances between major cities (in KM).
Max Altitude Visualization
Design Balance
The three qualities reflected above are altitude, speed, and range.
Aviation Era Span
Showcasing era cross-over of this aircraft design.
Unit Production (1)
1
36183
44000
Compared against Ilyushin IL-2 (military) and Cessna 172 (civilian).
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Ribbon graphics not necessarily indicative of actual historical campaign ribbons. Ribbons are clickable to their respective aerial campaigns / operations / aviation periods.
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United States (cancelled)
