Aerospatiale SA342 Gazelle

Lightweight Multi-Role Military / Civilian Helicopter

France | 1973

"The lightweight, multi-purpose French Aerospatiale Gazelle helicopter eventually found homes in both the domestic and export markets."

Authored By: Dan Alex | Last Edited: 10/03/2023 | Content ©www.MilitaryFactory.com | The following text is exclusive to this site; No A.I. was used in the generation of this content.

Image from the United States Department of Defense DVIDS imagery database.

Since its service introduction in 1973, the Sud Aviation (later Aerospatiale) Gazelle series of lightweight helicopters proved popular with many foreign operators. The type was taken into service in both civilian and military circles and is regarded as a robust and versatile package despite its lightweight classification. The primary operator of the series remains the French Army, for whom it was developed for, and the line has seen considerable combat service for its time in the sky.

Development of the Gazelle stemmed from a French Army requirement calling for a successor to follow the aging fleet of Aerospatiale "Alouette III" light helicopters. This led the French concern of Sud Aviation to begin development of such a new rotary-wing platform in 1966 resulting in the "SA340" prototype which carried a conventional tail unit from the Alouette II helicopter series. A successful first-flight was undertaken on April 7th, 1967 and four pre-series aircraft (SA341) were ultimately completed. Before the end, the conventional tail rotor unit gave way to a Fenestron tail rotor unit. Evaluations of this helicopter system revealed a platform that was highly agile and fast, allowing the design to claim several speed records of the time. This preceded service entry of what became the "Gazelle" in 1973 and the helicopter has since been built under various brand labels: Sud Aviation (later to become Aerospatiale), Westland and Soko.

The Gazelle remains in service as of this writing (2017) with several major and minor operators. Production spanned from 1967 until 1996 and some 1,775 units were completed in that span.

The base Gazelle design carries a crew of one or two and can seat up to three passengers in the cabin. Overall length is 39 feet with a main rotor diameter of 34.5 feet and a height of 10.2 feet. Empty weight is 2,000lb against an MTOW of 4,000lb. Power is from a Turbomeca Astazou IIIA turboshaft engine developing 590 horsepower and driving a three-bladed main rotor and a shrouded Fenestron tail rotor unit. Performance includes a maximum speed of 195 miles per hour, a cruising speed of 164 miles per hour, a range out to 415 miles and a service ceiling up to 16,405 feet. Rate-of-climb is 1,770 feet-per-minute.

Its outward form is conventional, featuring a heavily glazed frontal section for optimal viewing out-of-the-cockpit. The engine is seated over the rear area of the fuselage and a drive shaft runs along the length of the tail stem to power the shrouded tail unit. The tail rotor is buried within the extreme aft of the empennage and forms the base of the vertical tail fin. Outboard vertical planes are seated towards the rear of the tail unit along a pair of horizontal planes. The undercarriage is a simple four-point skid assembly which reduces procurement costs and maintenance requirements. Overhead is the main rotor mast holding the three-bladed main rotor unit.

The Gazelle has been build through many variants to cover various upgrades, roles and customers. The initial prototype was the aforementioned SA340 and pre-series models were known as SA341 (1968). At least one of the pre-series stock was modified for British Army service as the Gazelle AH.1. The initial French Army production model became the SA.341.1001 and this first-flew in August of 1971 with the Turbomeca Astazou IIIA series engine, a revised tail unit and a lengthened fuselage.

The SA341B followed and this was built to a British Army standard by Westland and designated locally as the Gazelle AH.1. The Astazou IIIN2 engine was fitted and service entry came in July of 1974 after which some 158 were produced. The Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm (FAA) was also the recipient of the SA341C - known locally as the Gazelle HT.2 by Westland - and these were dedicated training platforms. Thirty were acquired with Astazou IIIN2 series engines. Service entry arrived in December 1974.

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The SA341D (Westland Gazelle HT.3) was the training platform of the British Royal Air Force (RAF) and based largely on the SA341C. Fourteen were acquired from July 1973 on. A communications-minded variant was also taken on by the RAF under the SA341E / Westland Gazelle HCC.4 designation.

The French Army then took on the SA341F with its Astazou IIIC engine fit and 166 were delivered, some with automatic cannon support.

The SA341G marked a civilian market form of the Gazelle and given the Astazou IIIA engine. Certification was had in June of 1972 and the aircraft was differentiated by its lengthened cabin. The SA342J was the civilian market version of the SA342L (detailed below) and given the Astazou XIV engine with improved tail rotor functionality. These changes allow the MTOW to be increased and service entry followed in 1977. A militarized version of this mark was the SA342K which carried the same engine and featured shrouded intakes for desert operations. This mark appeared in May 1973.

The SA342L was a military model based in the SA342J carrying the same engine though with broadened provision for armament and special-mission equipment. The type also supported the Euromissile "HOT" Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) which added a tank-killing capability to the line. The French Army adopted the SA342M as its anti-tank platform. This model carried the Astazou XIV engine and could be armed with the HOT ATGM missile. Special sighting equipment was also intalled.

The militarized export version of the Gazelle was under the SA341H designation and these were powered by the Astazou IIIB engine. SOKO of Yugoslavia carried on local production of this mark and delivered various guises all based on original Aerospatiale marks: there was the HO-42 based in the SA341H, the scout-minded HI-42 "Hera" (SA341H), the attack HN-42M "Gama" (SA341H) and the HS-42 MEDEVAC platform (SA341H). The HN-45M "Gama 2" was an attack platform based on the SA342L.

The SA342M1 involved the SA342M models outfitted with the main rotor blades of the Ecureuil light helicopter in an attempt to improve upon performance. The SA349 marked a testbed which evaluated wing stubs for armaments-carrying.

Operators of the Gazelle series have ranged from Angola and Bosnia and Herzegovina to Syria and the United Kingdom (currently only with the Army Air Corps). Former operators include China, Ireland, Serbia and Montenegro, Republic Srpska, the United Kingdom (RAF and RN) and the former Yugoslavia. Beyond its production by SOKO of Yugoslavia, the series has also been manufactured under license by the Arab British Helicopter Company in Egypt.

The Gazelle series is a veteran of many wars and local and regional conflicts including the 1982 Lebanon War and the 1991 Gulf War. The product remains in service with French Army forces (2017) as its lead air scout and is fielded in conjunction with its attack helicopter component - the Eurocopter Tiger (detailed elsewhere on this site).

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Cockpit
While traditional jobs involve workstations, office desks, or cubicles, aircraft provide operators with their own unique, ever-changing view of the world below.

[ Click to Enlarge ]

Power & Performance
Those special qualities that separate one aircraft design from another. Performance specifications presented assume optimal operating conditions for the SA 342L Gazelle Lightweight Multi-Role Military / Civilian Helicopter.

1 x Turbomeca XIVM turboshaft engine developing 590 horsepower while driving three blade main rotor and Fenestron-shrouded tail rotor.
Propulsion

165 mph
265 kph | 143 kts
Max Speed

106 mph
170 kph | 92 kts
Cruise Speed

1,532 ft
467 m | 0 miles
Service Ceiling

441 miles
710 km | 383 nm
Operational Range

2,400 ft/min
732 m/min
Rate-of-Climb

City-to-City Ranges
Operational range when compared to distances between major cities (in KM).

NYC

LON

PAR

BER

MOS

TOK

SYD

LAX

NYC

Structure
The nose-to-tail, wingtip-to-wingtip physical qualities of the SA 342L Gazelle Lightweight Multi-Role Military / Civilian Helicopter.

2
(MANNED)
Crew

31.3 ft
9.53 m
O/A Length

34.4 ft
(10.50 m)
O/A Width

10.4 ft
(3.18 m)
O/A Height

2,202 lb
(999 kg)
Empty Weight

4,409 lb
(2,000 kg)
MTOW

Design Balance
The three qualities reflected below are altitude, speed, and range. The more full the box, the more balanced the design.

RANGE

ALT

SPEED

Armament
Available supported armament and special-mission equipment featured in the design of the Aerospatiale SA342 Gazelle Lightweight Multi-Role Military / Civilian Helicopter provided across 2 (if wing stubs fitted) hardpoints.

If armed, mission-specific armament can include:

Rocket Pods, 4 OR 6 x HOT Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGMs), Matra Mistal Air-to-Air Missiles (AAMs), Reconnaissance Pods, Mission Pods, 7.62mm machine guns, and 1 x 20mm GIAT autocannon (starboard side mounting only).

X

Hardpoints Key:

Centerline

Wingroot(L)

Wingroot(R)

Wing

Wingtip

Internal

Not Used

Variants
Notable series variants as part of the Aerospatiale SA342 Gazelle family line.

SA 340-01 - Prototype Designation

SA 341 - Second Protoype Designation; Larger cabin; Composite blades.

SA 341B Gazelle AH.1 - Initial Production Models (British Army).

SA 341C Gazelle HT.2 - Initial Production Models (British Navy).

SA 341D Gazelle HT.3 - Trainer Variant

SA 341E Gazelle HCC.4 - Transport model for the Royal Air Force.

SA 341F - French Army Model

SA 341G - Civilian Variant

SA 341H - Military Export Model

SA 342J - Civilian Model

SA 342K - Military Export Model

SA 342L - Final Export Military Model

SA 342M - Final French Army Production Variant; Fitted with Astral AAMs.

Soko H-42 - Yugoslav-produced variant of SA 341H model.

Soko H-45 - Yugoslav-produced variant of the SA 342L model.

AH.Mk 1

Operators
Global customers who have evaluated and/or operated the Aerospatiale SA342 Gazelle. Nations are displayed by flag, each linked to their respective national aircraft listing.

Total Production: 1,775 Units
Contractor(s): Aerospatiale - France / Westand - Britain

National flag of the United Arab Emirates

[ Angola; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Burundi; Cameroon; China; Cyprus; Ecuador; Egypt; France; Gabon; Guinea; Iraq; Ireland; Kuwait; Lebanon; Libya; Montenegro; Morocco; Qatar; Republic Srpska; Rwanda; Serbia; Serbia and Montenegro; Senegal; Syria; Tunisia; United Arab Emirates; United Kingdom; Yugoslavia. ]

Relative Max Speed

Hi: 200mph

Lo: 100mph

Aircraft Max Listed Speed (165mph).

Graph Average of 150 MPH.

Era Crossover

Showcasing Aircraft Era Crossover (if any)

Max Alt Visualization

Production Comparison

1775

36183

44000

Entry compared against Ilyushin IL-2 (military) and Cessna 172 (civilian) total production.

MACH Regime (Sonic)

Sub

Trans

Super

Hyper

HiHyper

ReEntry

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Aviation Timeline

EarlyYrs

WWI

Interwar

WWII

ColdWar

Postwar

Modern

Future

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❮ ❯

Mission Roles
Some designs are single-minded in their approach while others offer a more versatile solution to airborne requirements.

GROUND ATTACK

CLOSE-AIR SUPPORT

MEDEVAC

SEARCH & RESCUE

COMMERCIAL AVIATION

RECONNAISSANCE

SPECIAL FORCES

TRAINING

Recognition
Some designs stand the test of time while others are doomed to never advance beyond the drawing board; let history be their judge.

Military lapel ribbon for the Falklands War

Military lapel ribbon for the 1991 Gulf War

Military lapel ribbon for the Iran-Iraq War

Military lapel ribbon for the 1982 Lebanon War

Military lapel ribbon representing modern aircraft

Military lapel ribbon for Special Forces

Going Further...
The Aerospatiale SA342 Gazelle Lightweight Multi-Role Military / Civilian Helicopter appears in the following collections:

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