At its core, the Bell P-63 Kingcobra proved a modest improvement over the relative failure that was the P-39 Airacobra. Though the P-39 developed into a useable platform, she never lived up to the original specifications thanks to meddling on the part of the USAAF (United States Army Air Forces). As such, the P-63 was designed with the intention of improving upon the poor high-altitude performance of the P-39, though performance of this system itself would never come close to matching the excellent fighters already in service. As such, the P-63 led an "under-the-radar" existence and was fielded primarily by air forces other than the United States.
The P-39 Airacobra was already in production for the USAAF . This unique little aircraft sported a rear-mounted engine turning a three-bladed propeller system via a shaft running under the cockpit floor. With the engine mounted in the rear of the fuselage, the nose assembly was free to fit armament - this coming in the form of a 37mm Oldsmobile M4 cannon firing unobstructed through the propeller hub. Additionally 2 x 12.7mm heavy machine guns were fitted into the engine cowl and synchronized for firing through the spinning propeller blades. This armament was supplemented by the addition of four .30 caliber machine guns - two to a wing. Power was supplied by an Allison-brand V-1710-85 liquid-cooled V-12 engine supplying up to 1,200 horsepower.
Though initially unveiled as a dedicated interceptor, the uniqueness of the aircraft proved much more expensive than the USAAF was interested in and, as such, it provided "suggestions" in an attempt to cut down on costs. One of the biggest changes was in dropping the turbocharger - effectively the backbone of the P-39's performance as an interceptor. This was replaced by a mechanically-based supercharger which didn't provide much in the way of high-altitude performance and the P-39 was doomed as a fighter. As it stood, the P-39 went on to more action in the low-altitude attack aircraft, with most of its success coming from the hands of Soviet pilots utilizing the type through Lend-Lease deliveries. Despite its inherent deficiencies, the P-39 became Bell's most successful production endeavor.
While the P-39 design essentially foundered for what it was intended to be, Bell sought solutions to the design while USAAF interest was still in their favor. The same basic fuselage design and engine (with two superchargers) arrangement was taken and fitted into an enlarged airframe - essentially based on the XP-39E with a laminar flow wing planform, improved supercharger and new Continental I-1430 engine. Three prototypes were ordered with two fitting the base Allison V-1710-47 series engine and one fitting a version of the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine built by Packard as the V-1650 series (Merlins were used in the excellent Supermarine Spitfires and North American P-51 Mustangs). The Packard-engined XP-63 was never to be for these Merlins were earmarked for Mustangs, leaving this prototype to eventually be powered by an Allison V-1710-93 engine. These engines powered a new large four-bladed propeller system. Armament remained faithful to the P-39Q model design with its 37mm nose cannons, 12.7mm heavy machine guns in the engine cowl and an additional 2 x 12.7mm heavy machine guns slung under the wings in pods. The developmental designation was set as XP-63.
Externally, the P-63 remained faithful to the P-39 Airacobra design before it with the exception of its larger overall dimensions. The pilot sat relatively forward along the contoured fuselage in a glazed cockpit featuring the identifiable automobile-style doors of the P39 design. The cockpit was situated just forward of the wing leading edge. Wings were rounded monoplanes with noticeable dihedral. The front of the fuselage was dominated by the large four-bladed propeller system. The propeller was controlled via a shaft running under the cockpit floor and into the rear-mounted Allison engine, this being situated about midway through the fuselage. The empennage was of a standard configuration with a single vertical tail fin and a conventional horizontal plane. The undercarriage was a more-modern tricycle arrangement featuring two main single-wheeled landing gears and a single-wheeled nose gear. The nose gear retracted rearwards under the cockpit floor whilst the main gears retracted inwards towards the fuselage centerline, each system fitted under each wing. When at rest, the P-63 took on a pronounced "front-up" look thanks to its tall nose gear. Overall, she was a fine-looking - albeit unique - aircraft with much of her P-39 pedigree still in place. As mentioned, armament was carried over from the P-39Q model series with some slight alterations in placement and ammunition supply in the P-63.
The Soviet Union was in dire need of capable fighter aircraft and were already a prime operator of the P-39 series. The P-63 seemed like another good match for the Red arsenal and, with input from Soviet test pilot Andrey G. Kochetkov, the P-63 Kingcobra was modified for the better and ultimately shipped to the Soviet Union from Nome, Alaska, to be used solely against Japanese forces in the East. Despite this "agreement" on the part of the Soviets, P-63 air groups were set up in the West to battle the Germans. The P-63 excelled in the ground attack role, providing for adequate low-flying characteristics and a concentrated dose of lethal armament making them ideal tank busters. Engaging and downing enemy fighters also something of a rarity but still possible. Soviet use of the P-63 amounted to over 72% of all Kingcobras produced, making them the primary operator of the aircraft.
The P-63 survived wartime to be used by a handful of operators. France received at least 300 models at the close of the war and utilized these through the rest of the decade. Honduras became another primary operator while the United Kingdom received just two examples. The United States Army Air Corps and the United States Army Air Force were the two local operators of the Kingcobra platform though the United States never used the platform in anger.
While the Airacobra was spawned into a large number of ever-improving variants, the Kingcobra saw a more restricted production life. The XP-63 represented the first two prototypes with serial numbers 41-19511 and 41-19512 and featured a laminar air flow wing. The XP-63A were two examples intended to fit the Rolls-Royce Merlin and sporting bomb racks. The initial production models became the P-63A of which some 1,725 examples were delivered in blocks 1 through 10.
The XP-63B was a proposed model based on the Merlin-powered XP-63A prototypes. While this arrangement might have proved promising on paper, American Merlin engines were already earmarked for use in production North American P-51 Mustangs. As such, the XP-63B fell to naught.
The P-63C series became the second production Kingcobras. They fitted the Allison V-1710-117 water-injected engine with up to 1,800 horsepower output. Some 1,777 examples were produced of this type.
The P-63D was a one-off design fitting the Allison V-1710-109 (E22) series engine of 1,425 horsepower. A bubble canopy (as opposed to the automotive-style doors) was part of the changes that also included the lengthening of the wings. This model never entered quantitative deliveries for production of all Kingcobras was stopped by this time.
The P-63E was similar to the D-model but sported the original automotive-style doors of the P-39 Airacobra and P-63A and P-63C Kingcobras. The underside fin was extended some and anew propeller were fitted though only 13 examples of this Kingcobra made it out the door. The E-model exhibited a top speed of 408 miles per hour, a cruising speed of 280 miles per hour, a range of 450 miles and a service ceiling of 43,000 feet.
Similarly, only two of the P-63F models were produced, these fitting the Allison V-1710-135 engine and a larger-area vertical fin. the XP-63H was a single conversion attempt based on a modified P-63E and featuring a new engine.
As the case with most of the unwanted airframes seeing service past their worthy lifespans, the P-63 was covered in an overall bright orange paint scheme to be used as manned target aircraft (complete with "kill" lights) and target tugs. These encompassed the RP-63A (100 examples) and RP-63C (200 examples) and RP-63G "Pinball" models (32 examples). RP-63A/C's were based on five P-63A completed production models modified for the role while at least 95 other A-models were modified as such while still on the production lines. These later became known as QF-63As. The RP-63G Pinballs were more dedicated to the flying target role and modified as such. These later became the QF-63G.
Two P-63C production models were converted into L-39 test aircraft for swept wing and wind tunnel evaluation.
At the time of their production, a single P-63 cost American tax payers $48,000 to produce. Over 3,300 Kingcobras were produced - a far cry from the successful venture P-39 Airacobra, that series producing over 9,000 examples.
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Specifications
Bell Aircraft Corporation - USA Manufacturer(s)
Honduras; United Kingdom; France; Soviet Union; United States Operators
AIR-TO-AIR COMBAT
General ability to actively engage other aircraft of similar form and function, typically through guns, missiles, and/or aerial rockets.
CLOSE-AIR SUPPORT
Developed to operate in close proximity to active ground elements by way of a broad array of air-to-ground ordnance and munitions options.
32.8 ft (10.00 meters) Length
38.4 ft (11.70 meters) Width/Span
12.5 ft (3.80 meters) Height
6,834 lb (3,100 kilograms) Empty Weight
8,818 lb (4,000 kilograms) Maximum Take-Off Weight
+1,984 lb (+900 kg) Weight Difference
1 x Allison V-1710-117 liguid-cooled V-12 inline piston engine (rear-mounted in the airframe) developing 1,800 horsepower driving a four-bladed propeller unit at the nose (via shaft). Propulsion
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