For decades, the modern Turkish air force relied on Western partners to stock its available inventory. Prospects changed when, during the 1980s, the government inked a deal that would allow local license production of the General Dynamics (now Lockheed) F-16 Fighting Falcon lightweight 4th Generation Fighter. This provided Turkish workers and engineers with the groundwork to further local aviation knowledge and experience which has ultimately evolved today to become a standalone operation with ever-growing capabilities for the nation of Turkey. As such, Turkey stands to distance itself from its reliance on foreign providers of its military requirements in the long term and has set its sights on an indigenous 5th Generation Fighter concept recognized under the "TFX" program name (also known as the "F-X"). Turkey now joins the United States, Russia, China, Japan and South Korea as the handful of nations committed to - or feeling out - the 5th Generation Fighter process. The primary goal of the Turkish program is to find a indigenous successor to the storied and excellent F-4 Phantom II and early-model F-16 platforms while also complementing the soon-to-be Lockheed F-35 "Lightning II" which the Turkish Air Force is expecting to procure in some number. The initial two-year concept phase for the TFX was begun in 2011. In March of 2013, Saab of Sweden was brought in to help support the TFX program from a technological standpoint. Tusas Engine Industries (TEI) is charged with production of the required powerplant.
As it stands today (2013), the TFX resides in three distinct conceptual forms. The foremost favored by the Turkish Air Force is a single-engined airframe with blended wing-to-fuselage lines, a forward-set single-seat cockpit and conventional main-and-tail wing appendages (as in the F-22's unique "diamond" shape). The lean towards a single-engined fighter would ease logistical commitments to the aircraft in both short-term procurement and long-term maintenance costs. The second concept largely borrows the same design though it features a larger fuselage to house the two required turbofan engines within a blended wing/fuselage design. All other facets of the concept remain faithful to the single-engined design. Of course a commitment to a twin-engined fighter would increase procurement costs and maintenance costs over the life of the aircraft though, in turn, providing higher performance and additional internal weapons bays. The third - and most radical - of the concepts becomes a canard-delta planform along a single-engined fuselage intended for high agility handling - similar to the Saab Gripen or Dassault Rafale.
The TFX concepts all share basic intended 5th Generation Fighter qualities including a combination of blended and faceted surfaces, "stealthy" skin coatings and an Active, Electronically-Scanned Array (AESA) radar facility. Regardless of engine make and model, the concept is determined to showcase "supercruise" capabilities in reaching the speed of sound sans the use of thirsty afterburner. Additional internal volume will be used for internal weapons bays as featured in both the F-22 and F-35 developments. Another rather ambitious program goal will be integration from the cockpit to accompanying UAVs through a protected datalink connection. All told, the TFX concept will be similar in scope to the F-22 as an air dominance fighter with internal bays outfitted with both short- and medium-ranged homing/guided ordnance. There may be provision added for the air-to-ground role to fit the F-35 mold (however, as a complement to the F-35, the air dominance role is more likely). With that said, the actual end-product will ultimately rest firmly upon the inherent capabilities of the Turkish aerospace complex as a whole - regardless of how much foreign technical assistance is received. TEI itself will most likely not originate a whole new engine through an expensive design and development endeavor, instead relying on an existing foreign powerplant from Europe, the United States or perhaps even Russia - Turkey maintains historical ties with all three regions.
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January 2015 - It was announced that the Turkish military will proceed with plans to flesh out the TFX requirement in an effort to produce an indigenous Fifth Generation Fighter solution. The program is expected to include design input from Swedish aircraft maker Saab with a target year first flight of 2023.
July 2016 - The Turkish government has approved the TF-X program, this announced at Farnborough Air Show.
January 2017 - An agreement between TAI and BAe Systems has been announced. UK-based BAe was selected as a foreign partner in 2015. A prototype first-flight is now scheduled for sometime in 2023, pushing an in-service date for a production-quality fighter from 2025 to 2030. The initial agreement covers a $150 million commitment.
May 2017 - Britain and Turkey have formally inked a deal to develop the TF-X fighter jointly. The target year for a first-flight is 2023. Service entry is now planned for 2029. An all-new-build engine will now be considered and developed jointly between Rolls-Royce (Britain) and Kale Group (Turkey) under the joint-venture banner label of Turkish Aero Engine Company. Other engine players still in competition include Eurojet (EJ200) and General Electric.
November 2018 - Turkey has announced its intention to field a 5th Generation Fighter by 2032.
May 2019 - The General Electric F110 turbofan engine will be used to power the TF-X prototypes during the flight testing phases. The engine is currently produced locally by concern TUSAS Engine Industries (TEI). The production-quality powerplant will stem from joint-venture work between TUSAS and BMC Power motor (under the bran of TR Motor Power Systems).
June 2019 - A full-scale mockup of the TF-X was unveiled for the first time at Paris Air Show 2019. A prototype form is expected for 2023 with a first-flight tentatively scheduled for 2026. Operational service, therefore, is not set to begin with the Turkish Air Force until 2030 or beyond and will be used to succeed an aging fleet of F-16 Fighting Falcons.
June 2019 - TAI has officially unveiled a model / mockup of its intended, homegrown TF-X 5th Generation Fighter. The proposed fighter was shown with a conventional arrangement that includes a tricycle undercarriage, forward-set cockpit, and twin vertical tail fins. A roll-out ceremony is planned for sometime in 2023 with a first-flight in prototype form scheduled for 2026 (though TAI authorities have publicly stated a first-flight goal of 2025).
May 2020 - Turkish defense electronics provider Havelsan has been named a support partner of the TF-X program. The company will take part in development of the software and maintenance systems as well as training.
July 2022 - TAI hopes to begin deliveries to the Turkish Air Force in 2028.
March 2023 - TAI release official images of the TF-X fighter prototype.
May 2023 - The TF-X fighter was formally named 'Kaan' in its rollout ceremony.
(OPERATORS list includes past, present, and future operators when applicable)
✓Air-to-Air Combat, Fighter
General ability to actively engage other aircraft of similar form and function, typically through guns, missiles, and/or aerial rockets.
✓Interception
Ability to intercept inbound aerial threats by way of high-performance, typically speed and rate-of-climb.
✓X-Plane (Developmental, Prototype, Technology Demonstrator)
Aircraft developed for the role of prototyping, technology demonstration, or research / data collection.
Length
62.3 ft (19.00 m)
Width/Span
44.3 ft (13.50 m)
Height
16.4 ft (5.00 m)
Empty Wgt
31,195 lb (14,150 kg)
MTOW
59,999 lb (27,215 kg)
Wgt Diff
+28,803 lb (+13,065 kg)
(Showcased structural values pertain to the TAI TF-X production variant)
monoplane / shoulder-mounted / swept-back
Monoplane
Design utilizes a single primary wing mainplane; this represent the most popular mainplane arrangement.
Shoulder-Mounted
Mainplanes are mounted at the upper section of the fuselage, generally at the imaginary line intersecting the pilot's shoulders.
Swept-Back
The planform features wing sweep back along the leading edges of the mainplane, promoting higher operating speeds.
(Structural descriptors pertain to the TAI TF-X production variant)
Installed:
Selected (Prototypes): 2 x TEI (General Electric) F1110 afterburning turbofan engines developing 20,000 to 25,000lb of thrust each on dry and 30,000 to 35,000lb of thrust each with reheat.
(Showcased performance specifications pertain to the TAI TF-X production variant. Performance specifications showcased above are subject to environmental factors as well as aircraft configuration. Estimates are made when Real Data not available. Compare this aircraft entry against any other in our database or View aircraft by powerplant type)
ASSUMED:
1 x 20mm internal automatic cannon.
Support for for various in-service Turkish aerial munitions and ordnance to include air-to-air missiles, air-to-surface missiles, laser-guided / precision-guided bombs, and conventional drop bombs operated from internal weapons bays as well as optional external hardpoints.
Supported Types
(Not all ordnance types may be represented in the showcase above)
Hardpoint Mountings: 0
'Kaan' - Formal Name announced May 2023.
TFX - Fifth Generation Fighter Concept Program.
F-X - Alternative Program Name.
Ribbon graphics not necessarily indicative of actual historical campaign ribbons. Ribbons are clickable to their respective aerial campaigns / operations / aviation periods.
Images Gallery
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Official image from TAI press release.
2 / 5
Concept artwork copyright Turkish Aerospace Industries; All Rights Reserved.
3 / 5
Concept artwork copyright Turkish Aerospace Industries; All Rights Reserved.
4 / 5
Concept artwork copyright Turkish Aerospace Industries; All Rights Reserved.
5 / 5
Concept artwork copyright Turkish Aerospace Industries; All Rights Reserved.
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Turkey (probable)
