Avro Lincoln Long-Range Heavy Bomber (1945)
The Avro Lincoln series of British four-engined heavy bombers arrived too late to see action in World War 2.
The Lancaster design was given an increased high-aspect ratio wingspan along with an elongated fuselage assembly and a new nose to produce the Lancaster B.Mk IV. The nose accommodated a Boulton Paul powered turret fitting 2 x .50 caliber Browning heavy machine guns. Initial models were fitted with 4 x two-stage Rolls-Royce Merlin 85 series inline engines of 1,750 horsepower each housed in underslung nacelles, two engines to a wing. The B.Mk IV then became the start of the new Lincoln series of heavy bombers as the Lincoln B.Mk I. Following another increase in wingspan and a further lengthening of the fuselage, the Lincoln B.Mk II model was born and these were powered by 4 x Rolls-Royce Merlin 66, 68A or 300 inline engines throughout their service lives.
First flight of a Lincoln prototype occurred on June 9th, 1944, now designed to Air Ministry Specification 14/43. Three prototypes would eventually be built under the company designation of Type 694. The aircraft showcased an increased operational range as well as an improved operational service ceiling which allowed it to operate further from friendly bases and farther from enemy ground attack installations. The Lincoln was quickly adopted by the RAF and production lines set up at three Avro facilities in Chadderton, Cheshire and Woodford. To help with wartime demand for such aircraft, Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers Metropolitan both were eventually awarded with additional manufacture of the Avro product. The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) was eventually granted local license production of the Lincoln I to which it knew as the Lincoln B.Mk 30 and modified with Rolls-Royce Merlin 85 engines. However, these did not appear until after the war.
Outwardly, the Lincoln looked very much as an enlarged Lancaster. The design centered along the boxy squared-off tapered fuselage form to which high-mounted wings and a split-vertical tail fin was added. Each wing managed a pair of engines in streamlined nacelles and within easy view of the crew. The cockpit consisted of a heavily glazed covering with the crew set slightly aft of the nose. The nose was also windowed and sported the typical Avro bulb-like shape. The undercarriage was made up of two main landing gear legs, each mounting a large donut-style wheel, while the tail was supported by a single-wheeled leg. This gave the Lincoln a pronounced "nose-up" appearance when at rest. The internal bomb bay took over a large internal portion of the fuselage, the doors running from under the flightdeck to amidships. The standard operating crew involved seven personnel made up of two pilots, the navigator, radio operator, bombardier/nose gunner, a dorsal gunner and a tail gunner.
The Lincoln was defensed through a network of machine gun fittings. This included a nose turret with 2 x 0.50 caliber machine guns, a tail turret with 2 x 0.50 caliber machine guns and a dorsal turret with either 2 x 0.50 caliber machine guns or 2 x 20mm Hispano cannons. The internal bomb load capacity of the original B.Mk I was approximately 14,000lbs under general conditions.
Similarly, RAF Lincolns missed out on combat service in World War 2 altogether. The first Lincoln bomber arrived to No. 57 Squadron of East Kirby in 1945 and they were joined in August by No. 75 (New Zealand) Squadron RAF. The Empire of Japan capitulated in August of 1945 and the formal surrender occurred in early September, bringing an end to hostilities in the Asia-Pacific Theater for the interim. However, a great threat loomed in the Soviet Union which ushered in its communist government wherever it could. As such, the RAF continued accepting deliveries of the Lincoln which now formed a critical long-range bombing arm during the tumultuous Cold War years to follow. Some 32 RAF squadrons would eventually field some form of the Lincoln with many primarily acting as a deterrent to Soviet actions across Europe. Some were also converted to aerial tankers for inflight refueling. The RAF fielded their Lincolns in anger against pro-communist forces over Kenya (against Mau Mau rebels during the Kenyan Emergency, 1952-1960) and over Malaya (during the Malayan Emergency, 1948-1960). RAF Lincolns were lastly used as reconnaissance platforms during the Aden Emergency (1963-1967).
Australian Lincoln bombers formed with No. 82 Wing RAAF out of Amberley and, by mid-March of 1949, four squadrons constituted the type (a total of seven eventually operated Lincolns). Australian Lincolns were produced locally and operated alongside their British counterparts over Malaya before their ultimate retirement in 1961. Beyond the basic B.Mk 30 long-range bomber form, the RAAF also utilized the B.Mk 30A heavy bomber variant which incorporated a lengthened nose and Rolls-Royce Merlin 102 series engines. The B.Mk 31 became a dedicated maritime patrol and anti-submarine warfare (ASW) platform.
The Royal Canadian Air Force operated just three Avro Lincolns from 1946 into 1948. The end of World War 2 curtailed any need for procurement of an expensive heavy bomber. Local production (by Victor Aircraft) netted just one aircraft.
The Avro Lincoln was purchased in number by the Argentine Air Force beginning in 1947 and these functioned up until 1965. These Lincolns proved useful in their given heavy bomber role and were used as such against rebel counter-government forces in the September 1951 coup attempt. In the 1955 revolution, the bomber was fielded by both government and rebel forces. The last frontline Lincoln in Argentine service was officially removed in 1967.
Beyond the dedicated Lincoln B.Mk I/B.Mk 30 and B.Mk II long-range heavy bomber forms, the series saw a few notable variants trialed or produced: the Lincoln III was a proposed maritime reconnaissance platform also intended for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) which, modified extensively as the Lincoln ASR.Mk 3 , became the Avro Shackleton instead . The Lincoln B.Mk IV was the Lincoln B.Mk II bomber upgraded with Rolls-Royce Merlin 85 engines. The Avro 695 "Lincolnian" was a dedicated transport variant of the Lincoln bomber, its ordnance-carrying capabilities dropped in favor of more internal space for cargo.
In all, production of Avro Lincolns reached 604 examples. A.V. Roe handled 168 of the total while Vickers added another 80. However, Armstrong Whitworth (Coventry) was responsible for a bulk of production which totaled 281 examples. 73 examples came from Australian facilities. The long-running Cold War reach of Lincolns ensured their place in military aviation history. All were given up by the RAF due to age and were eventually superseded by the new generation of large, jet-powered heavy bombers no en vogue across many militaries of the world. For other operators, the type was simply dropped from service without replacement. Text ©2003-2013 www.MilitaryFactory.com • All Rights Reserved • No Reproduction Permitted
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Specifications for the
Avro Lincoln
Long-Range Heavy Bomber
Country of Origin: United Kingdom
Manufacturer: Avro - A.V. Roe; Metropolitan-Vickers; Armstrong Whitworth - UK
Initial Year of Service: 1945
Production: 604
Focus Model: Avro Lincoln B.Mk I
Crew: 7
Length: 78.28ft (23.86m)
Width: 120.01ft (36.58m)
Height: 17.29ft (5.27m)
Weight (Empty): 43,400lbs (19,686kg)
Weight (MTOW): 82,173lbs (37,273kg)
Powerplant: 4 x Rolls-Royce Merlin 85 V inline piston engines developing 1,750 horsepower each.
Maximum Speed: 295mph (475kmh; 256kts)
Maximum Range: 2,933miles (4,720km)
Service Ceiling: 30,495ft (9,295m; 5.8miles)
Rate-of-Climb: 800 feet per minute (244m/min)
Hardpoints: 0
Armament Suite:
STANDARD:
2 x 0.50 caliber Browning heavy machine guns in nose turret.
2 x 0.50 caliber Browning heavy machine guns in tail turret.
2 x 2 x 0.50 caliber Browning heavy machine guns OR 20mm Hispano cannons in dorsal turret.
OPTIONAL:
Up to 14,000lbs of internal stores.
Variants:
Type 694 - Original Avro company model designation
Lincoln I - Initial Lincoln bomber production model based on the Lancaster B.Mk IV development; powered by 4 x Rolls-Royce Merlin 85 engines of 1,750 horsepower each.
Lincoln II - Second bomber variant; powered by 4 x Rolls-Royce Merlin 66, 68A or 300 engines.
Lincoln III - Proposed maritime reconnaissance platform with anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capabilities); to become the Avro Shackleton.
Lincoln IV - Lincoln Mk II bombers fitted with Rolls-Royce Merlin 85 engines.
Lincoln Mk 15 (B Mk XV) - Single Canadian production example.
Lincoln Mk 30 - Australian bomber local production designation.
Lincoln Mk 30A - Australian bomber local production designation; lengthened nose section; Rolls-Royce Merlin 102 engines.
Lincoln Mk 31 - Dedicated Australian maritime patrol and anti-submarine warfare variant.
Avro 695 Lincolnian - Dedicated transport variant of the Lincoln bomber.
Lincoln ASR.Mk III - Proposed maritime patrol/ASW aircraft; to become the Avro Shackleton.
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